About Tenant Isolation

EclipseLink offers considerable flexibility in how you can design and implement features for isolating tenants. Possibilities include the following:

Application Isolation options

Separate container/server
Separate application within the same container/server
Separate entity manager factory and shared cache within the same application
Shared entity manager factory with tenant isolation per entity manager

Data isolation options

Separate database
Separate schema/tablespace
Separate tables
Shared table with row isolation
Query filtering
Oracle Virtual Private Database (VPD)

EclipseLink includes the following options for providing multi-tenancy in the data source:

Single-table multi-tenancy allows tenants to share tables. Each tenant has its own rows, identified by discriminator columns, and those rows are invisible to other tenants. See Single Table Multi-Tenancy.
With table-per-tenant multi-tenancy, each tenant has its own table or tables, identified by table tenant discriminators, and those tables are invisible to other users. See Table-Per-Tenant Multi-Tenancy.
With (VDP) multi-tenancy, tenants use a VDP database, which provides the functionality to support multiple tenants sharing the same table. See VPD Multi-Tenancy.

Single Table Multi-Tenancy

With single-table multi-tenancy, any table (Table or SecondaryTable) to which an entity or mapped superclass maps can include rows for multiple tenants. Access to tenant-specific rows is restricted to the specified tenant.

Tenant-specific rows are associated with the tenant by using one or more tenant discriminator columns. Discriminator columns are used with application context values to limit what a persistence context can access.

The results of queries on the mapped tables are limited to the tenant discriminator value(s) provided as property values. This applies to all insert, update, and delete operations on the table. When multi-tenant metadata is applied at the mapped superclass level, it is applied to all subentities unless they specify their own multi-tenant metadata.

Table-Per-Tenant Multi-Tenancy

Table-per-tenant multi-tenancy allows multiple tenants of an application to isolate their data in one or more tenant-specific tables. Multiple tenants' tables can be in a shared schema, identified using a prefix or suffix naming pattern; or they can be in separate, tenant-specific schemas. Table-per-tenant entities can be mixed with other multi-tenant type entities within the same persistence unit.

The table-per-tenant multi-tenant type is used in conjunction with:

A tenant table discriminator that specifies the type of discriminator (schema or name with prefix or suffix)
A tenant ID to identify the user (configured per entity manager or at the entity manager factory, if isolating the table-per-tenant per persistence unit.)

A single application instance with a shared EntityManagerFactory for a persistence unit can be responsible for handling requests from multiple tenants.

Alternatively, separate EntityManagerFactory instances can be used for each tenant. (This is required when using extensions per tenant.) In this case, tenant-specific schema and table names are defined in an eclipselink-orm.xml configuration file. A MetadataSource must be registered with a persistence unit. The MetadataSource is used to support additional persistence unit metadata provided from outside the application. See also metadata-source in Jakarta Persistence API (JPA) Extensions Reference for EclipseLink.

The table-per-tenant multi-tenant type enables individual tenant table(s) to be used at the entity level. A tenant context property must be provided on each entity manager after a transaction has started.

The table(s) (Table and SecondaryTable) for the entity are individual tenant tables based on the tenant context. Relationships within an entity that uses a join or a collection table are also assumed to exist within the table-per-tenant context.
Multi-tenant metadata can only be applied at the root level of the inheritance hierarchy when using a SINGLE_TABLE or JOINED inheritance strategy. Multi-tenant metadata can be specified in a TABLE_PER_CLASS inheritance hierarchy.

For information on constructing table-per-tenant multi-tenancy, see "Using Table-Per-Tenant Multi-Tenancy" in Solutions Guide for EclipseLink.

VPD Multi-Tenancy

A Virtual Private Database (VPD) uses security controls to restrict access to database objects based on various parameters.

For example, the Oracle Virtual Private Database supports security policies that control database access at the row and column level. Oracle VPD adds a dynamic WHERE clause to SQL statements issued against the table, view, or synonym to which the security policy was applied.

Oracle Virtual Private Database enforces security directly on the database tables, views, or synonyms. Because security policies are attached directly to these database objects, and the policies are automatically applied whenever a user accesses data, there is no way to bypass security.

When a user directly or indirectly accesses a table, view, or synonym that is protected with an Oracle Virtual Private Database policy, Oracle Database dynamically modifies the SQL statement of the user. This modification creates a WHERE condition (called a predicate) returned by a function implementing the security policy. Oracle Virtual Private Database modifies the statement dynamically, transparently to the user, using any condition that can be expressed in or returned by a function. Oracle Virtual Private Database policies can be applied to SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, INDEX, and DELETE statements.

When using EclipseLink VPD Multitenancy, the database handles the tenant filtering on all SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, INDEX and DELETE queries.

To use EclipseLink VPD multi-tenancy, you must first configure VPD in the database and then specify multi-tenancy on the entity or mapped superclass using @Multitenant and @TenantDiscriminatorColumn annotations.

For more information on constructing VPD Multi-Tenancy, see "Using VPD Multi-Tenancy" in Solutions Guide for EclipseLink.